Boiler water Treatment- Introduction

In Boiler water treatment, turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates. The more sediments in the water, the more turbid the water is. The suspended particles absorb heat from the sunlight, making turbid waters become warmer, and so reducing the concentration of oxygen in the water (oxygen dissolves better in colder water). Some organisms also can’t survive in warmer water. The suspended particles scatter the light, thus decreasing the photosynthetic activity of plants and algae, which contributes to lowering the oxygen concentration even more. As such, suspended particles can clog fish gills, that results in reduced resistance to disease, decreased growth rates, and affects egg and fish larval development.

Turbidity Measurement and Acceptable Range

Turbidity is measured by an instrument called nephelometric turbidimeter, which expresses turbidity in terms of NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) and is measured using a relationship of light reflected from a given sample. The turbidity of drinking water should always be less than 1 NTU. Most treated city water is less than 2 NTUs. A turbidity measurement could be used to provide an estimation of the TSS (Total Suspended Solids) concentration, which is otherwise a tedious and difficult parameter to measure.

Effect of Turbidity

Not only is cloudy Boiler water treatment ascetically unappealing, it can pose a health risk by providing food and shelter to microorganisms in the water. The suspended particles in the water can help protect pathogens from disinfectants in the water distribution system, and they can even promote their regrowth after the disinfectants are used up. Because it interferes with disinfection of drinking water, excessive turbidity levels have been associated with gastrointestinal illness. Contaminants such as heavy metals, toxic organic compounds and pesticides can become attached to suspended particles, giving them a free ride through the water distribution system. Bacteria, viruses and parasites can also attach themselves to suspended particles in water.

Boiler water Treatment of Turbidity

Boiler water Treatment should start with making sure that the well screen is properly sized and in good condition. Not only can turbidity cause problems with water quality, but grit can also damage water pumps. Generally, filtration is the last step in a process of treating this type of water. To remove turbidity, often the first step is to inject a flocculant, or coagulant aid, which allows these microscopic suspended particles to lose their positive charge and “floc” together into larger clumps. The water is allowed to settle, and is then followed by filtration to remove any suspended floc. In some cases, the water must be gently stirred or agitated in order for the floc to form. A very effective method to remove turbidity is with reverse osmosis (“RO”) or ultrafiltration (“UF”) membrane systems. RO and UF systems can reduce turbidity and produce crystal clear water less than 0.1 NTUs.

Coagulation, Chemical Feeds, Flash Mix

Turbidity reduction is best achieved when the water is run through a series of chemical and physical treatment methods before reaching the filter. The terms coagulation, flocculation, and flash mix are often discussed together. Basically, coagulation is the process of getting particulates to stick together, flocculation is when this process becomes visible, and the flash mix is the fast mixing that makes it happen.

Boiler water treatment Coagulants include alum or polyelectrolytes such as polyaluminum chloride. Some water will react better with one chemical than the other. The correct dosage is determined with jar testing and feed pump calibration. The coagulant is usually injected into the line before the flash mix, sometimes using a static mixer (a short piece of pipe with internal spiral fins). Proper mixing is important to coagulation, as is the proper dosage of the coagulant. Coagulation can start as soon as the chemical is added, but the flash mix kicks the process into high gear. The flash mix is usually aided with a motorized paddle or the water is allowed to fall (splash) into a chamber making the water turbulent.

Flocculation

Flocculation usually consists of a two-or three-stage process, and begins when the particulates start sticking together more visibly. The process still uses the motorized paddles, but at a slower rate than during the flash mix. Stage one of flocculation is fastest, with the second and third stages working more slowly and sometimes with the paddles moving in the opposite direction. This allows the particles to get heavier and help them settle to the bottom in the next part of the process, sedimentation.

Sedimentation

Boiler water treatment during sedimentation, the particles of dirt settle to the bottom of the basin. The sedimentation basin is the last step before the filters, so sedimentation must work effectively. The key to good sedimentation is having enough area and/or time for settlement and, subsequently, good sludge removal.

Sludge at the bottom of the tank is usually scraped with a slow-moving blade to a sump and drain. Some settlement basins have a cone-shaped bottom to direct the sludge to a drain. It still may be necessary to drain the sedimentation basin and clean the sludge every five to 10 years, depending on the water quality. Some sedimentation basins have tube settlers (slanted tubes that help with contact area and time for settling). Sometimes baffling is used or can be added to help the sedimentation time.

Filtration

Filtration is the last stage in turbidity control before the clear well. Most filters can handle a wide range of turbidity, but don’t leave all the work up to them. The other processes—chemical mix, flash mix, coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation—must work optimally for the life of the filters and to provide a safety factor or cushion for lower turbidities. The less turbidity going into the filters means longer filter runs and longer filter-media life, which saves money.

AVLON stands guarantee to our products. We make sure that we meet Philippines DENR RA 9275 Clean Water Act under its latest Regulation DAO 2016-08 on general effluent Standard. AVLON filter makes use of the most advanced known technology for achieving high rate filtration at minimum cost. The filter can be adapted to any water condition of turbidity, colour or odour. Avlon is best when it comes to water treatment plans and other clean water products. Know more about us www.avlon-php.com

Avlon Inc, an supplier of cyclone dust collector Philippines

We are the supplier of cyclone dust collector Philippines and other air pollution control equipment’s. In this blog we will be discussing on six common air pollutants of concern. These pollutants are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. This section includes a brief description of the most common air pollutants, their possible health effects from exposure, and how to limit or avoid exposure.

Clean, dry air consists primarily of nitrogen and oxygen—78 percent and 21 percent respectively, by volume. The remaining 1 percent is a mixture of other gases, mostly argon (0.9 percent), along with trace (very small) amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, helium, and more. Water vapour is also a normal, though quite variable, component of the atmosphere, normally ranging from 0.01 to 4 percent by volume; under very humid conditions the moisture content of air may be as high as 5 percent.

1.Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas and one of six criteria pollutants for which Philippines DENR has established protective standards. CO forms when the carbon in fuels does not completely burn. Vehicle exhaust contributes roughly 60% of all CO emissions nationwide and up to 95% in cities. Other sources include fuel combustion in industrial processes and natural sources such as wildfires. CO concentrations typically are highest during cold weather because cold temperatures make combustion less complete and cause inversions that trap pollutants low to the ground.

Health Impacts of Exposure:

CO enters the bloodstream through the lungs and binds chemically to hemoglobin, the substance in blood that carries oxygen to cells. In this way, CO interferes with the ability of the blood to transport oxygen to organs and tissue throughout the body. This can cause cyclone dust collector Philippines slower reflexes, confusion, and drowsiness. It can also reduce visual perception and coordination and decrease the ability to learn. People with cardiovascular disease, such as angina, are most at risk from exposure to CO. These individuals may experience chest pain and more cardiovascular symptoms if they are exposed to CO, particularly while exercising.

2.Lead

Lead is a metal found naturally in the environment as well as in manufactured products. It is one of six criteria pollutants for which Philippines DENR has established protective standards. Exposure to lead can occur through multiple pathways, including inhalation of air and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. Historically, the major sources of lead emissions were motor vehicles (such as cars and trucks) and industrial sources. The major source of lead emissions today is metals processing and the highest levels of lead in air are generally found near lead smelters, waste incinerators, utilities, and lead-acid battery manufacturers.

Health Impacts of Exposure:

Excessive lead exposure can cause seizures, brain and kidney damage, mental retardation, and/or behavioral disorders. Children that are 6 years of age and under are most at risk because their cyclone dust collector Philippines bodies are growing quickly. Research suggests that the primary sources of lead exposure for most children are deteriorating lead-based paint, lead-contaminated dust, and lead-contaminated residential soil.

3.Ozone

Ozone is a gas that forms in the atmosphere when three atoms of oxygen are combined. It is not emitted directly into the air but is created at ground level by a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. Ozone has the same chemical structure whether it occurs high above the earth or at ground level and can be good or bad, depending on its location in the atmosphere.

Ozone occurs in two layers of the atmosphere. The layer surrounding the earth’s surface is the troposphere. Here, ground-level or bad ozone is an air pollutant that damages human health, vegetation, and many common materials. It is a key ingredient of urban smog. The troposphere extends to a level about 10 miles up, where it meets the second layer, the stratosphere. The stratospheric, or good ozone layer, extends upward from about 10 to 30 miles and protects life on earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays.

Health Impacts of Exposure:

The reactivity of ozone causes health problems because it damages lung tissue, reduces lung function, and sensitizes the lungs to other irritants. Scientific evidence indicates that ambient levels of ozone not only affect people with impaired respiratory systems, such as cyclone dust collector Philippines asthmatics, but healthy adults and children as well. Exposure to ozone for several hours at relatively low concentrations has been found to significantly reduce lung function and induce respiratory inflammation in normal, healthy people during exercise. This decrease in lung function generally is accompanied by symptoms including chest pain, coughing, sneezing, and pulmonary congestion.

4.Nitrogen Dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide is a brownish, highly reactive gas present in all urban atmospheres. Nitrogen dioxide is a criteria pollutant that can irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia, and lower resistance to respiratory infections. Nitrogen oxides contribute to formation of both ozone and acid rain and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The major mechanism for the formation of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere is the oxidation of the primary air pollutant nitric oxide. Nitrogen oxide forms when fuel is burned at high temperatures. The two major emission sources of nitrogen oxides are automobiles and stationary fuel combustion sources such as electric utility and industrial boilers.

Health Impacts of Exposure:

Health effects of exposure to nitrogen dioxide include the following cyclone dust collector Philippines:
In children and adults with respiratory disease such as asthma, nitrogen dioxide can cause coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Even short exposures to nitrogen dioxide can affect lung function.
In children, short-term exposure can increase the risk of respiratory illness.
Animal studies suggest that long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide may increase susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause permanent structural changes in the lungs.

5.Particulate Matter

Particulate matter (PM) is the term for small particles found in the air including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke. Others are so small that individually they can only be detected with an electron microscope. Some particles are directly emitted into the air while others are formed in the air through chemical reactions. Sources of PM include cars, trucks, buses, factories, construction sites, tilled fields, unpaved roads, construction, wood burning, agricultural burning, wildfires, prescribed fires, and natural windblown dust.

Particulate matter is a criteria pollutant that comes in a wide range of sizes. Particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter tend to pose the greatest health concern because they can be inhaled into and accumulate in the respiratory system. Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter are referred to as fine particles. Sources of fine particles include all types of combustion (e.g., motor vehicles, power plants, and wood burning) and some industrial processes. Particles with diameters between 2.5 and 10 micrometers are referred to as coarse. Sources of coarse particles include crushing or grinding operations and dust from paved or unpaved roads.

Health Impacts of Exposure:

Both fine and coarse particles can accumulate in the respiratory system and are associated with numerous health effects. Coarse particles can aggravate respiratory conditions such as asthma. Exposure to fine particles is associated with several serious health effects, including cyclone dust collector Philippines premature death. Adverse health effects have been associated with exposures to PM over both short periods (such as a day) and longer periods (a year or more).

When exposed to PM, people with existing heart or lung diseases—such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart disease, or ischemic heart disease—are at increased risk of premature death or admission to hospitals or emergency rooms.
Older persons are especially sensitive to PM exposure. They are at increased risk of admission to hospitals or emergency rooms and premature death from heart or lung diseases.

When exposed to PM, children and people with existing lung disease may not be able to breathe as deeply or vigorously as they normally would, and they may experience symptoms such as coughing and shortness of breath.
PM can increase susceptibility to respiratory cyclone dust collector Philippines infections and can aggravate existing respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic bronchitis, causing more use of medication and more doctor visits.

6.Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, reactive gas produced during burning of sulfur-containing fuels such as coal and oil, during metal smelting, and by other industrial processes. Sulfur dioxide emitted to the atmosphere results largely from stationary sources such as coal and oil combustion, steel mills, refineries, pulp and paper mills, and nonferrous smelters. Generally, the highest concentrations of this criteria pollutant are found near large industrial sources, such as power plants and industrial boilers.

Health Impacts of Exposure:

High concentrations of sulfur dioxide affect breathing and may aggravate existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Sensitive populations include asthmatics, individuals with bronchitis or emphysema, children, and the elderly. Sulfur dioxide is also a primary cyclone dust collector Philippines contributor to acid rain, which causes acidification of lakes and streams and can damage trees, crops, buildings, and statues. In addition, sulfur compounds in the air contribute to visibility impairment in large parts of the country. This is especially noticeable in national parks.

Avlon inc takes into consideration all these pollutants and its effects and thus They make the Best Clean Air Products in the industry. Avlon Inc is the Best cyclone dust collector Philippines. Dealing in Air, Water & Energy Products. Know more about us on www.avlon-php.com

Boiler contractor Philippines- Avlon Inc, An Introduction

We as responsible Boiler contractor Philippines when it comes to boiler efficiency, we believe in sticking to the facts. The value of buying a higher efficiency boiler will pay dividends every day, every year, throughout the life of the equipment.

Boiler efficiency, in the simplest terms, represents the difference between the energy input and energy output. A typical boiler will consume many times the initial capital expense in fuel usage annually. Consequently, a difference of just a few percentage points in boiler efficiency between units can translate into substantial savings. The efficiency data used for comparison between boilers must be based on proven performance to produce an accurate comparison of fuel usage. So, are you comparing fuel usage with what your boiler suppliers claim of its boiler efficiency? If not then let’s learn today how to do that.

Performance Evaluation of Boiler by Boiler contractor Philippines

The performance of a boiler, which include thermal efficiency and evaporation ratio (or steam to fuel ratio), deteriorates over time for reasons that include poor combustion, fouling of heat transfer area, and inadequacies in operation and maintenance. Even for a new boiler, deteriorating fuel quality and water quality can result in poor boiler performance. Boiler efficiency tests help us to calculate deviations of boiler efficiency from the design value and identify areas for improvement.

The purpose of the performance test is to determine actual performance and efficiency of the boiler and compare it with design values or norms. It is an indicator for tracking day-to-day and season-to-season variations in boiler efficiency and energy efficiency improvements.

For the testing to be done, the boiler should be operated under steady load conditions (generally full load) for a period of one hour after which readings would be taken during the next hour of steady operation to enable the efficiency to be calculated. The efficiency of a boiler is quoted as the % of useful heat available, expressed as a percentage of the total energy potentially available by burning the fuel. This is expressed on the basis of gross calorific value (GCV).

Thermal efficiency

Thermal efficiency of a boiler is defined as the percentage of heat input that is effectively utilized to generate steam. As per ASME Standard: PTC-4-1 Power Test Code for Steam Generating Units, there are two methods of assessing boiler efficiency: direct and indirect.

In the direct method, the ratio of heat output (heat gain by water to become steam) to heat input (energy content of fuel) is calculated.
This is also known as ’input-output method’ due to the fact that it needs only the useful output (steam) and the heat input (i.e. fuel) for evaluating the efficiency. This efficiency can be evaluated using the formula:

Or

Both heat input and heat output must be measured. The measurement of heat input requires knowledge of the calorific value of the fuel and its flow rate in terms of mass or volume, according to the nature of the fuel.
There are several methods, which can be used for measuring heat output. With steam boilers, an installed steam meter can be used to measure flow rate, but this must be corrected for temperature and pressure as per Boiler contractor Philippines.

The alternative with small boilers is to measure feed water, and this can be done by previously calibrating the feed tank and noting down the levels of water during the beginning and end of the trial. Care should be taken not to pump water during this period. Heat addition for conversion of feed water at inlet temperature to steam, is considered for heat output.

In case of boilers with intermittent blowdown, blowdown should be avoided during the trial period. In case of boilers with continuous blowdown, the heat loss due to blowdown should be calculated and added to the heat in steam.

Evaporation ratio

Evaporation ratio, or steam to fuel ratio, is another simple, conventional parameter to track performance of boilers on-day-to-day basis.

Test Data and Calculation

Water consumption and coal consumption were measured in a coal-fired boiler at hourly intervals. Weighed quantities of coal were fed to the boiler during the trial period. Simultaneously water level difference was noted to calculate steam generation during the trial period. Blow down was avoided during the test. The measured data is given below.

TYPE OF BOILER: COAL FIRED BOILER

Steam Generated : 8 TPH
Steam Pressure : 10 kg/cm2 (g)
Steam Temperature : 1800C
Enthalpy of steam at 10 kg/cm2 (g) : 665 kCal/kg
Feed Water Temperature : 850C
Enthalpy of feed water : 85 kCal/Kg
Quantity of fuel Consumed : 1.6 TPH
GVC of Coal : 4000 Kcal/Kg

Were
Q = Quantity of steam generated per hour (kg/hr)
Q = Quantity of fuel used per hour (kg/hr)
GCV = Gross calorific value of the fuel (kCal/Kg)
H = Enthalpy of steam (Kcal/kg)
h = Enthalpy of water (Kcal/kg)

Evaporation Ratio = 8 tones of steam / 1.6 tones of coal = 5

Now, In the indirect method, all the heat losses of a boiler are measured and its efficiency computed by subtracting the losses from the maximum of 100.

For small capacity boilers, direct method can be attempted, but it is preferable to conduct indirect efficiency evaluation, since an indirect method permits assessment of all losses and can be a tool for loss minimization.

We will learn the calculation of boiler efficiency through indirect method in our next chapter. Keep visiting Avlon-php.com for more information. We are one of the best Boiler contractor Philippines dealing in both small and large series of boilers

Do you what to upgrade your existing sewage treatment? – No foot print change – No major CapEx- Compliance to DENR.  For Condo, hotel, restaurant and hospital owners.

If you are a managers or owners of a condominium/ hotels/ restaurants and or hospitals and if you are struggling to upgrade your old existing sewage treatment plant to meet the new  Philippines DENR RA 9275 Clean Water Act and its latest Regulation DAO 2016-08 on general effluent Standard then we have solution for you.

Avlon Inc, is a Filipino company and we help STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) operators to who wanted to upgrade their existing STP to meet DENR standards without changing existing foot print (no additional space required) and with very low capital investment and also without making major shift in the operational practices.

Yes, this is possible and Avlon stands guarantee meet Philippines DENR RA 9275 Clean Water Act under its latest Regulation DAO 2016-08 on general effluent Standard. Let’s understand how we do it. Keep reading……!!

The current problem faced by sewage treatment plant operators in Philippines

Because conventional biological processes designed to meet secondary treatment effluent standards typically do not remove total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) to the extent needed to protect receiving waters, wastewater treatment facilities are increasingly being required to implement processes that reduce effluent nutrient concentrations to safe levels.

In order to address this, Avlon is now had introduced Bioifas for biological nutrient removal (BNR) in sewage treatment plant and in wastewater treatment plants in which the nitrogen and phosphorus removal takes place before it is discharged into surface or ground water.

Existing conventional activated sludge or even the old SBR (sequential batch reactor) system can be upgraded for higher flows and nutrient removal configuration by adding additional volume of aeration tanks and clarifiers to the treatment train. However, due to scarcity of land availability in urban areas and also due to financial restrictions, this traditional solution might not help a lot to achieve treatment goals.

Converting existing Sewage treatment plant to Avlon Bioifas STP has many benefits which includes

•  No additional land required
• Process flow sheet of the plant remain same and thus major hydraulic as well as civil reshuffle could be avoided
• Solids loading to clarifier is not increased with increased treatment capacity and thus same clarifier could be utilized for higher capacity.
• Improved solids removal due to improvement in the SVI values because of hybrid biomass growth
• Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification also feasible allowing for lower nitrate recycle ratios for achieving lower Total Nitrogen (TN) concentration in the final treated effluent.
• Most of the existing infrastructure can be employed without putting excessive burden on the total cost of upgrading existing plant.
• Not much major shift in the operational practices and thus operators can be trained effectively to handle new system.

Bioifas – An Avlon cost effective solution to upgrade your existing sewage treatment plant – how does it works?

The bioifas utilizes the benefit of a traditional activated sludge process combined with a biological fixed-film system to create a highly efficient BNR plant in a much smaller footprint. The process begins with the introduction of polyethylene biomass carriers into the activated sludge. The activated sludge removes the majority of the BOD while the biofilm is allowed to grow in the protected biomass carrier. Bioifas is most effective for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from your sewage treatment plant or wastewater treatment plant.

Bioifas incorporates two processes into sewage treatment: nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonia to nitrate and denitrification is the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Bioifas contains fasting-acting and robust denitrifying bacteria that remove nitrate from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment processes. It increases start-up speed, improves denitrification stability, shortens recovery time after upsets, and reduces the risk of non-compliance.

For more details click here.

What is Philippine Clean Air Act ? And the role of cyclone dust collector.

Cyclone dust collector is the most widely used pollution control equipment  but before we drive into the role of cyclone dust collector lets outline the major points of Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act and the major air pollutants.

Republic Act No. 8749 is a comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos. Under RA 8749, all industries classified as a stationary source should perform their own industrial emissions monitoring and report the results to the DENR. All stationary sources of air emissions must comply with National Emission Standards for Sources Specific.

Upon compliance to standards, the DENR issues a Permit to Operate (PTO) to these industries prior to their operation.

What are Air Pollutant Guidelines Value in Philippines?

Criteria pollutants are air pollutants for which National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values have been established. These pollutants and their guideline values are shown below.

Note

NCM stands for ‘normal cubic meter’, assuming that the samples were collected under ‘normal’ conditions or at standard temperature and pressure
SO2 and Suspended Particulate matter (TSP and PM) are sampled once every six days when using the manual methods. A minimum of twelve sampling days per quarter or forty-eight sampling days each year is required for these methods. Daily sampling may be done in the future once continuous analyzers are procured and become available.

Let’s understand these Pollutant in detail

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)

Refer to all atmospheric particles in the atmosphere with diameters equal to or less than 100 micrometers. These relatively ‘coarse’ particles are mainly related to soiling and dust nuisance. On the other hand cyclone dust collector, particulates with diameters less than 10 micrometers are called Particulate Matter (PM) and are of greater health concern as they can penetrate deep into the lungs. PM with diameters less than 10 micrometers are specifically called PM10 while PM with diameters less than 2.5 micrometers are called PM2.5.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

It is a colorless gas with a pungent smell at low concentrations. Fossil fuel combustion, power plants and other industrial facilities are the main sources of SO2 in the atmosphere. In urban centers with high traffic volume, high SO2 levels can be observed due to vehicular combustion of fuel with high-sulfur content. In the atmosphere, it can undergo chemical reactions (oxidation) creating sulfur trioxide, particulate sulfates and sulfuric acid which can lead to acid rain. Exposure to SO2 can have adverse respiratory effects and heart diseases.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

It is a reddish-brown gas with an odorless, pungent smell. The main sources of NO2 are vehicular emissions, power plants and off-road equipment. Like SO2, it undergoes chemical reactions in the atmosphere, forming cyclone dust collector other toxic NOx compounds and nitrate particulates that pose respiratory health risks. If present in the atmosphere in high concentrations, it can react with sunlight in a process called photolysis which leads to ozone formation.

Ozone (O3)

It is a colorless, odorless gas that can be found at the upper layers of the atmosphere and serves as our protection from the sun’s harmful rays. However, O3 can also be formed at ground level through chemical reactions of NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) especially during hot days. The main sources of NOx and VOCs include industrial cyclone dust collector and electric facility emissions, vehicular exhausts, gasoline vapors and chemical solvents. O3 can pose detrimental health risks, if inhaled, and can also affect sensitive vegetation and ecosystems since it is also classified as a greenhouse gas.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

It is a colorless, odorless gas that is very toxic when inhaled as it reduces oxygen transport in the body. At very high concentrations, CO can even cause death. The main source of this pollutant is vehicular emissions especially in urban centers

Heavy metals, primarily Lead (Pb) are measured in the atmosphere because of lead emissions from industrial sources and vehicular combustion of fuel. Pb used to be the main anti-knock component of gasoline but regulatory efforts have already prohibited the use of such fuel, reducing lead cyclone dust collector combustions. But like other heavy metals such as Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni), Pb is persistent in the environment and poses serious health risks.

What happens to those who Violates?

Based on the grounds stated in Section 12 of DAO 2013-26, a Notice of Violation (NOV) may then be issued to industries with previously issued PTOs. A fine of not more than P100,000 for every day of violation shall be charged against the owner of a stationary source, until such time that standards have been met.

For gross violation, the penalty is imprisonment of not less than six years but not more than 10 years upon the discretion of the court. At the same time, the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB) could close the firm through the issuance of a Cease and Desist Order.

There is gross violation of the law or its rules when any of the following occurs:

Three or more specific offenses within a period of one year.

Three or more offenses within three consecutive years.

Blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB, such as, but not limited to the breaking of seals, padlocks and other similar devices like cyclone dust collector, or operating despite the existence of an order for closure, discontinuance or cessation of operation.

Irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a consequence of any violation or omission of the provisions of the Act or its IRR.

Avlon solution to address the industrial air pollution

Avlon Inc is an air pollution control, water treatment and boiler energy recovery system provider, headquartered in Philippines with engineering offices in India. Avlon has developed technologies that control harmful and regulated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs), process odors, Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) and various water contaminants.

Our solution will include a turnkey system that seamlessly integrates into the specific process, providing customers with single source responsibility. We are the best manufacturers and suppliers of Clean Air Products with Wet Scrubber & cyclone dust collector For more details call us or visit our website www.avlon-php.com

Water softening equipment supplier in Philippines – Avlon Inc.

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of Physical water quality characteristics. Its a known and established fact that contaminants in the water can affect the water quality and consequently the human health and we as water softening equipment supplier in Philippines understands the fact  very well. Water plays a significant role in maintaining the human health and welfare.

The potential sources of water contamination are geological conditions, industrial and agricultural activities, and water treatment plants. These contaminants are further categorized as by physical, chemical and microbiological properties of water.

Physical parameters of water :

 

Physical parameters define those characteristics of water that respond to the senses of sight, touch, taste or smell. Suspended solids, turbidity, colour, taste and odour and temperature fall into this category.

 

Turbidity:

Turbidity of water is a measurement of the clarity of water that is affected by the presence of solids, small particles/sediments, or pollutants. The more sediments in the water, the more turbid the water is. Material that is suspended in water allows less light to pass through the water, and so this increases the temperature of the water because the suspended particles hold more heat. Because warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water, the concentration of dissolved oxygen becomes reduced and this affects the fish and other water organisms that need oxygen to live.

As such, suspended particles can clog fish gills, that results in reduced resistance to disease, decreased growth rates, and affects egg and fish larval development. Turbidity is measured by an instrument called nephelometric turbidimeter by water softening equipment supplier in Philippines, which expresses turbidity in terms of NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) and is measured using a relationship of light reflected from a given sample

 

Temperature:

 

Temperature is a measure of the average energy (kinetic) of water molecules. It is measured on a linear scale of degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit. It is one of the most important water quality parameters. Temperature affects water chemistry and the functions of aquatic organisms. It influences the:

1. Amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water,
2. Rate of photosynthesis by algae and other aquatic plants,
3. Metabolic rates of organisms,
4. Sensitivity of organisms to toxic wastes, parasites and diseases, and timing of reproduction, migration, and activation of aquatic organisms.

Water temperature does not change as fast as air temperature, but because of this, smaller increases in water temperatures can have more of a negative impact on the water quality and ecosystems that depend on this water. Palatability, viscosity, solubility, odors, and chemical reactions are influenced by temperature. Thereby, the sedimentation and chlorination processes and biological oxygen demand (BOD) are temperature dependent. It also affects the biosorption process of the dissolved heavy metals in water as per Water softening equipment supplier in Philippines.

Color, Taste and odor:

Materials decayed from organic matter, namely, vegetation and inorganic matter such as soil, stones, and rocks impart color to water, which is objectionable for esthetic reasons, not for health reasons. Color is graded on scale of 0 (clear) to 70 color units. Pure water is colorless, which is equivalent to 0 color units

Taste and odor in water can be caused by foreign matter such as organic materials, inorganic compounds, or dissolved gasses. The unit of odor or taste is expressed in terms of a threshold number, where TON is the threshold odor number and TTN is the threshold taste number.

Solids:

Solids occur in water either in solution or in suspension. By definition, the suspended solids are retained on the top of the filter and the dissolved solids pass through the filter with the water.

Total solid (TS) = Total dissolved solid (TDS) + Total suspended solid (TSS)

Water can be classified by the amount of TDS per liter as follows:

freshwater: <1500 mg/L TDS;

brackish water: 1500–5000 mg/L TDS;

saline water: >5000 mg/L TDS.

Electrical conductivity (EC):

The electrical conductivity (EC) of water is a measure of the ability of a solution to carry or conduct an electrical current. Since the electrical current is carried by ions in solution, the conductivity increases as the concentration of ions increases as per Water softening equipment supplier in Philippines. Pure water is not a good conductor of electricity]. Typical conductivity of water is as follows:

Ultra-pure water: 5.5 × 10−6 S/m;

Drinking water: 0.005–0.05 S/m;

Seawater: 5 S/m.

The electrical conductivity can be used to estimate the TDS value of water as follows:

TDS (mg/L) ≅ EC (dS/m or umho/cm) × (0.55–0.7)

Significant changes in conductivity can be an indicator that a discharge has occurred or some other source of pollution has entered a stream.

Keep visiting www.avlon-php.com for more information. We are one of the water softening equipment supplier in Philippines . Dealing in Drinking water plant, Sewage Treatment Plant, Wet Scrubbers, Dust Collectors, Boilers etc